Muchidimbu, muchina chishandiso chemuchina wekutungamira nzira yekushandisa - kwete nekutungamira, kutungamira, senge maturusi emaoko uye anenge ese maturusi evanhu, kudzamara vanhu vagadzira muchina chishandiso.
Nhamba yekudzora (NC) inoreva kushandiswa kweanorongeka logic (data muchimiro chemavara, manhamba, zviratidzo, mazwi kana musanganiswa) kudzora otomatiki maturusi emuchina. Isati yaonekwa, maturusi ekugadzirisa aigara achidzorwa nevashandisi vemaoko.
Kombuta nhamba yekudzora (CNC) inoreva kutumira mirairo yakavharwa nenzira kwayo kune microprocessor mune machining chishandiso chekutonga system, kuitira kuvandudza iko kurongeka uye kuenderana. CNC iyo vanhu vanotaura nezvayo nhasi inenge yese inoreva kumichina yekugaya yakabatana nemakomputa. Nehunyanzvi kutaura, inogona kushandiswa kutsanangura chero muchina unodzorwa nekombuta.
Muzana ramakore rapfuura, zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvakateya hwaro hwekuvandudza CNC muchina maturusi. Pano, isu tinotarisa zvinhu zvina zvakakosha zvekuvandudzwa kwenhamba yekudzora tekinoroji: yekutanga muchina maturusi, punch makadhi, servo michina uye otomatiki programming maturusi (APT) mutauro wekuronga.
Maturusi ekutanga emuchina
Munguva yechipiri yekuchinja kwemaindasitiri muBritain, James Watt akarumbidzwa nekugadzira injini yemhepo yakapa simba shanduko yeindasitiri, asi akasangana nematambudziko mukugadzira kurongeka kwemasilinda einjini kusvika 1775, John Johnwilkinson akagadzira inozivikanwa semuchina wekutanga pasi rose. yekufinha simbi injini masilinda uye yakagadziriswa. Muchina unobhowa uyu wakagadzirwawo naWilkinson zvichibva pane yake yekutanga cannon;
Punch kadhi
Muna 1725, Basile bouchon, mushandi wemicheka wechiFrench, akagadzira nzira yekudzora machira nekushandisa data yakavharwa pamatepi emapepa kuburikidza nemaburi akatevedzana. Kunyange zvazvo iri pasi, kukanganisa kweiyi nzira iri pachena zvakare, ndiko kuti, ichiri kuda vashandi. Muna 1805, Joseph Marie jacquard akagamuchira pfungwa iyi, asi yakasimbiswa uye yakarerutswa nekushandisa makadhi akaroverwa akasimba akarongwa munhevedzano, nekudaro otomatiki maitiro. Aya makadhi akabayiwa anoonekwa zvakanyanya sehwaro hwekombuta yemazuva ano uye anoratidza kupera kweindasitiri yemaoko epamba mukuruka.
Sezvineiwo, machira ejacquard aishorwa nevaruki vesirika panguva iyoyo, vaityira kuti otomatiki iyi yaizovatorera mabasa nemararamiro avo. Vaipisa kakawanda machira aigadzirwa; Nekudaro, kuramba kwavo kwakaratidza kusingabatsiri, nekuti indasitiri yakaona zvakanakira otomatiki looms. Pakazosvika 1812, 11000 jacquard looms yaishandiswa muFrance.
Makadhi akadhindwa akagadzirwa mukupera kwema1800s uye akawana akawanda mashandisirwo, kubva pateregirafu kuenda kune otomatiki piano. Kunyangwe kudzora kwemuchina kwakasarudzwa nemakadhi ekutanga, muvambi weAmerica Herman Hollerith akagadzira kadhi remagetsi punch kadhi tabulator, iyo yakashandura mitemo yemutambo. Sistimu yake yaive nemvumo muna 1889, paakanga achishandira US Census Bureau.
Herman Hollerith akatanga kambani yetabulator muna 1896 uye akabatana nemamwe makambani mana kuti atange IBM muna 1924. Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi20, makadhi akarovererwa akatanga kushandiswa kuisa data uye kuchengetedza makombiyuta nemichina yekudzora nhamba. Iyo yekutanga fomati ine mitsara mishanu yemakomba, nepo shanduro dzinotevera dzine matanhatu, manomwe, masere kana kupfuura mitsara.
Servo michina
Servo mechanism ndeye otomatiki mudziyo, inoshandisa kukanganisa inductive mhinduro kugadzirisa mashandiro emuchina kana michina. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, servo inobvumira michina-yepamusoro-simba kudzorwa nemidziyo ine simba rakaderera. Iyo servo mechanism inoumbwa nemudziyo unodzorwa, chimwe chishandiso chinopa mirairo, chiridzwa chekuona chikanganiso, chiratidzo chekukanganisa amplifier uye mudziyo (servo mota) inogadzirisa zvikanganiso. Servo masisitimu anowanzo shandiswa kudzora zvinoshanduka senge chinzvimbo uye kumhanya, uye anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyemagetsi, pneumatic kana hydraulic.
Yekutanga yemagetsi servo mechanism yakavambwa neH. kalendari muBritain muna 1896. Pakazosvika 1940, MIT yakagadzira yakakosha servo mechanism laboratory, iyo yakatanga kubva pakuwedzera kutarisisa kweDhipatimendi rekugadzira magetsi kune iyi nyaya. MuCNC machining, servo system yakakosha kwazvo kuti uwane kushivirira kwechokwadi kunodiwa neatomatiki machining maitiro.
Automatic programming tool (APT)
Automatic programming tool (APT) akaberekerwa mu servo mechanism Laboratory yeMassachusetts Institute of technology muna 1956. Kubudirira kwekugadzira kweboka rekushandisa kombiyuta. Iri nyore-kushandisa-yepamusoro-level programming mutauro, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira mirairo yeCNC muchina maturusi. Iyo yekutanga vhezheni yaive yekutanga kupfuura FORTRAN, asi yakazotevera shanduro yakanyorwazve neFortran.
Apt mutauro wakagadzirwa kuti ushande neMIT yekutanga NC muchina, unova wekutanga pasi NC muchina. Yakabva yaenderera mberi ichiva chiyero checomputer-inodzorwa muchina chishandiso programming, uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muma1970s. Gare gare, kugadzirwa kweapt kwakatsigirwa neuto remhepo uye pakupedzisira kwakavhurwa kune chikamu chevanhuwo zvavo.
Douglas T. Ross, mukuru weboka rekushandisa kombiyuta, anozivikanwa sababa veapt. Akazogadzira izwi rekuti “computer aided design” (CAD).
Kuberekwa kwenhamba yekudzora
Pamberi pekubuda kweCNC muchina maturusi, chekutanga kuvandudzwa kweCNC muchina maturusi uye yekutanga CNC muchina maturusi. Kunyangwe paine misiyano mutsananguro dzakasiyana dzenhoroondo, yekutanga CNC muchina chishandiso haisi mhinduro chete kune chaiwo ekugadzira matambudziko akatarisana nemauto, asiwo kusimudzira kwechisikigo kweiyo punch kadhi system.
"Kudzora kwedhijitari kunoratidza kutanga kweshanduko yechipiri yeindasitiri uye kusvika kwenguva yesainzi umo kutonga kwemichina nemaindasitiri kunochinja kubva pakunyora zvisina kujeka kuenda kune chaiko." - Sangano rekugadzira mainjiniya.
Muvambi wekuAmerica John T. Parsons (1913 - 2007) anoonekwa nevakawanda sababa vekutonga kwenhamba. Akabata pamuviri nekushandisa tekinoroji yekudzora nhamba nerubatsiro rweinjiniya wendege Frank L. stulen. Semwanakomana wemugadziri muMichigan, Parsons akatanga kushanda somuunganidzi mufekitari yababa vake pazera ramakore 14. Gare gare, akanga ane uye akashanda zvinoverengeka zvezvirimwa zvokugadzira pasi pebhizimisi remhuri reParsons kambani inogadzira.
Parsons ine yekutanga NC patent uye yakasarudzwa muNational Inventors Hall yemukurumbira nekuda kwebasa rayo rekupayona mumunda wekutonga nhamba. Parsons ane huwandu hwegumi neshanu patents, uye mamwe makumi matatu neshanu anopihwa kubhizinesi rake. Sangano rekugadzira mainjiniya rakabvunzurudza Parsons muna 2001 kuti munhu wese azive nyaya yake kubva pamaonero ake.
Kutanga kweNC purogiramu
1942:john T. Parsons akapinzwa mukondirakiti neSikorsky Ndege kuti igadzire mablades anotenderera eherikoputa.
1944:nekuda kwekuremara kwemagadzirirwo ebapiro rebapiro, rimwe rema 18 ekutanga avakagadzira rakatadza, zvikakonzera kufa kwemutyairi wendege. Pfungwa yaParsons ndeyekubaya rotor blade nesimbi kuti iite kuti ive yakasimba uye kutsiva guruu nemascurus ekusimbisa gungano.
1946:vanhu vaida kugadzira mudziyo wekugadzira kuti unyatso gadzira blades, iro raive dambudziko rakakura uye rakaomarara kumamiriro ezvinhu panguva iyoyo. Naizvozvo, Parsons akahaya injiniya wendege Frank stulen ndokuumba boka remainjiniya nevamwe vanhu vatatu. Stulen akafunga kushandisa IBM punch makadhi kuona huwandu hwekushushikana pablade, uye vakahaya michina minomwe yeBM yeprojekiti.
Muna 1948, chinangwa chekushandura zviri nyore kutevedzana kweotomatiki muchina maturusi chakaitwa munzira mbiri huru - zvichienzaniswa nekungoisa yakatarwa inoteedzana inoteedzana - uye iri kuitwa nenzira huru mbiri: tracer control uye digital control. Sezvatinoona, yekutanga inoda kugadzira chimiro chechimiro chechinhu (kana kanenge dhirowa rakazara, seCincinnati cable tracer hydropower foni). Chechipiri hachisi chekupedzisa mufananidzo wechinhu kana chikamu, asi kungochibvisa: masvomhu emhando uye mirairo yemuchina.
1949:mauto emuchadenga eUS anoda rubatsiro rwekuumbwa kwemapapiro ekupedzisira. Parsons akatengesa muchina wake weCNC uye akahwina kondirakiti inokosha $200000 kuti zviitike.
1949:Parsons uye stulen vanga vachishanda neSnyder muchina & chishandiso Corp. kugadzira michina uye vakaona kuti yaida servo motors kuti michina ishande nemazvo. Parsons akabvisa servo system ye "kadhi-a-matic milling muchina" kune servo mechanism Laboratory yeMassachusetts Institute of technology.
1952 (May): Parsons akanyorera patent ye "motor control mudziyo wekuisa muchina maturusi". Akapa patent muna 1958.
1952 (Nyamavhuvhu):mukupindura, MIT yakanyorera patent ye "nhamba yekudzora servo system".
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, US Air Force yakasaina zvibvumirano zvakawanda neParsons kuti ienderere mberi nekuvandudza NC machining innovation yakagadzirwa nemuvambi wayo John Parsons. Parsons aifarira zviedzo zviri kuitwa mu servo mechanism Laboratory yeMIT uye akakurudzira kuti MIT ive purojekiti subcontractor muna 1949 kuti ipe hunyanzvi mukutonga otomatiki. Mumakore gumi akatevera, MIT yakawana kutonga kwepurojekiti yese, nekuti chiono che "matatu-axis inoenderera nzira yekudzora" yeservo laboratory yakatsiva Parsons 'yepakutanga pfungwa ye "kucheka mukucheka chinzvimbo". Matambudziko anogara achigadzira tekinoroji, asi iyi nyaya yakakosha yakanyorwa nemunyori wenhoroondo David noble yave chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yetekinoroji.
1952:MIT yakaratidza yavo 7-rail perforated belt system, yakaoma uye inodhura (250 vacuum chubhu, 175 relays, mumafiriji mashanu saizi makabati).
MIT yekutanga CNC milling muchina muna 1952 yaive hydro Tel, yakagadziridzwa 3-axis Cincinnati milling muchina kambani.
Pane zvinyorwa zvinomwe nezve "self regulating muchina, iyo inomiririra shanduko yesainzi uye tekinoroji inozogadzirisa ramangwana revanhu" mujenari "automatic control" yeScientific American munaGunyana, 1952.
1955:Concord controls (yakaumbwa nenhengo dzeMIT yekutanga timu) yakagadzira nhamba, iyo yakatsiva tepi ine perforated paMIT NC michina nemuverengi wematepi ari kuvandudzwa neGE.
Tepi kuchengetedza
1958:Parsons akawana US patent 2820187 uye akatengesa rezinesi rakasarudzika kuBendix. IBM, Fujitsu negeneral electric vese vakawana marezinesi madiki mushure mekunge vatanga kugadzira michina yavo.
1958:MIT yakabudisa mushumo pamusoro peNC economics, iyo yakagumisa kuti ikozvino NC muchina haina kunyatsochengetedza nguva, asi yakaendesa vashandi kubva mufekitari workshop kune vanhu vakagadzira mabhanhire ane perforated.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-19-2022